ʻO nā mea a pau a mākou e hālāwai ai ma ke ao hou e hilinaʻi nei i nā huahana uila i kekahi ʻano.Mai ko mākou ʻike mua ʻana pehea e hoʻohana ai i ka uila no ka hana ʻana i ka hana mechanical, ua hana mākou i nā mea hana o nā nui āpau e hoʻomaikaʻi i ko mākou ola.Mai nā kukui a hiki i nā kelepona akamai, ʻo kēlā me kēia mea hana a mākou e kūkulu ai he mau mea maʻalahi wale nō, i hoʻopili ʻia i nā ʻano hoʻonohonoho like ʻole.ʻOiaʻiʻo, no hoʻokahi haneli mau makahiki, ua hilinaʻi mākou ma:
ʻO kā mākou hoʻololi uila hou e hilinaʻi nei i kēia mau ʻano ʻehā a me nā transistors hope, lawe mai iā mākou i nā mea āpau a mākou e hoʻohana ai i kēia lā.Ke heihei mākou e hoʻoemi i nā mea uila, e nānā i nā mea hou aʻe o ko mākou ola a me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, e hoʻouna i nā ʻikepili hou aku me ka liʻiliʻi o ka mana, a hoʻohui i kā mākou mau polokalamu i kekahi i kekahi, e hālāwai koke mākou i kēia.ʻenehana.Akā i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 21, ʻelima mau holomua e hui pū ana, a ua hoʻomaka lākou e hoʻololi i ko mākou honua hou.ʻO kēia ka mea e hana nei nā mea a pau.
1.) Ka ulu ana o ka graphene.Ma waena o nā mea āpau i loaʻa ma ke ʻano a i hana ʻia i loko o ka hale hana, ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka daimana.ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī ʻeono, a ʻo ka graphene ka paʻakikī.ʻO ka graphene i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i loko o ke keʻena hana i ka makahiki 2004 he pepa kalapona mānoanoa-atom-mānoanoa i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o kahi ʻano aniani hexagonal.ʻEono mau makahiki wale nō ma hope o kēia holomua ʻana, ua lanakila ʻo Andrei Heim lāua ʻo Kostya Novoselov i ka makana Nobel ma Physics.ʻAʻole wale ʻo ia ka mea paʻakikī loa, a he kūpaʻa nui ia i ke koʻikoʻi kino, kemika, a me ka wela, akā ʻo ia ka lattice atomika kūpono.
"Aia paha mākou ma ka ʻaoʻao o kahi miniaturization o nā huahana uila, e hoʻomaikaʻi i nā kamepiula i ka wā e hiki mai ana."
Loaʻa iā Graphene nā waiwai conductive maikaʻi, ʻo ia hoʻi, inā hiki ke hana ʻia nā mea uila, me nā transistors, me ka graphene ma mua o ke silika, hiki ke liʻiliʻi a ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki ma mua o nā mea a mākou i kēia lā.Inā hui pū ʻia ka graphene i loko o ka plastic, hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia ka plastic i mea ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka wela, a hiki ke hoʻokele i ka uila.Eia kekahi, ʻo ka ʻike o ka graphene i ka mālamalama ma kahi o 98%, ʻo ia hoʻi he kipi no nā pale paʻi paʻa, nā paneli hoʻomālamalama a me nā cell solar.E like me kā ka Nobel Foundation i ʻōlelo ai he 11 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, "Malia paha aia mākou ma ke ʻano o ka miniaturizing i kahi huahana uila ʻē aʻe, e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i nā kamepiula i ka wā e hiki mai ana."
2.) Nā pale mauna i luna.ʻO kēia ka "ʻenehana hou" kahiko loa, a ua kamaʻāina paha ka mea nāna i ʻimi i ka lolouila a kelepona paha.ʻO ka pale pale mauna ʻili he mea ʻāpana ʻāpana liʻiliʻi, hana mau ʻia me ka keramika, me nā kihi conductive ma nā kihi ʻelua.Hiki i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā seramika ke pale i ke kahe ʻana o kēia manawa me ka ʻole o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka mana a i ʻole ka wela, a laila hiki ke hana i nā mea pale i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o nā resistors kahiko kahiko i hoʻohana ʻia ma mua: axial leaded resistors.
Ua kūpono kēia mau hiʻohiʻona iā lākou no nā mea uila o kēia wā, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me nā polokalamu kelepona.Inā makemake ʻoe i kahi pale pale, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohana i kekahi o kēia mau SMD (mauna mauna i luna) e hōʻemi i ka nui āu e pono ai no ka resistor a i ʻole e hoʻonui i ka mana hiki iā ʻoe ke noi iā lākou i loko o ka palena nui like.
3.) Super capacitor.ʻO nā Capacitors kekahi o nā ʻenehana uila kahiko loa.Hoʻokumu ʻia lākou ma kahi hoʻonohonoho maʻalahi kahi e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ai nā papa conductive ʻelua (nā papa, cylinders, spherical shells, etc.) mai kekahi i kekahi ma kahi mamao liʻiliʻi, a hiki i kēia mau papa ʻelua ke mālama i nā uku like a kū'ē.Ke ho'āʻo ʻoe e hele i kēia manawa ma o ka capacitor, hoʻopiʻi ia;ke hoʻopau ʻoe i kēia manawa a hoʻohui paha i ʻelua papa, hoʻokuʻu ka capacitor.Loaʻa i nā Capacitors nā ʻano hana like ʻole, me ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu, ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka ikehu hoʻokahi manawa, a me nā mea uila piezoelectric, kahi e hoʻololi ai i ke kaomi ʻana o ka mīkini i nā hōʻailona uila.
ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole paʻakikī wale ka hana ʻana i nā papa he nui me ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi loa ma kahi ʻano liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, akā i kaupalena ʻia.ʻO nā hana hou loa i nā mea waiwai—ʻoi aku ka nui o ka calcium copper titanate (CCTO)—e hiki ke mālama i ka nui o ka uku uila ma nā wahi liʻiliʻi: supercapacitors.Hiki ke hoʻopiʻi a hoʻokuʻu ʻia kēia mau mea liʻiliʻi i nā manawa he nui ma mua o ka pau ʻana;hoʻopaʻa a hoʻokuʻu wikiwiki lākou;a mālama lākou i 100 mau manawa ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ikehu ma mua o nā capacitors kahiko.E pili ana i nā huahana uila miniaturized, he ʻenehana hoʻololi pāʻani.
4.) Super inductors.ʻO ka hope loa o ka "Big Three", ʻo Super Inductor ka mea hou loa, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia a hiki i 2018. ʻO kahi inductor ke kumu o ka coil, kahi manawa a me kahi kumu magnetizable i hoʻohana pū ʻia.Ke kū'ē nei ka inductor i ka hoʻololi ʻana o kāna māla magnetic kūloko, ʻo ia hoʻi, inā e hoʻāʻo ʻoe e hoʻokuʻu i kēia manawa i loko o kekahi, e kūʻē ʻo ia no kekahi manawa, a laila e hoʻokuʻu wale i ke au i loko ona, a hope e pale hou i kēia hoʻololi ke huli ʻoe i ka paʻa i kēia manawa.Me nā resistors a me nā capacitors, ʻo ia nā mea kumu ʻekolu o nā kaapuni āpau.Akā hou, aia ka palena i ka liʻiliʻi hiki iā lākou ke lilo.
ʻO ka pilikia ʻo ka waiwai o ka inductance e pili ana i ka ʻili o ka inductor, ʻo ia ka mea pepehi moe e pili ana i ka miniaturization.Eia nō naʻe, ma waho aʻe o ka manaʻo magnetic maʻamau, aia kekahi manaʻo o ka neʻe: ʻo ka inertia o nā ʻāpana lawe i kēia manawa ke keʻakeʻa nei i ka loli o kā lākou neʻe.E like me ka pono e "kamaʻilio" kekahi i kekahi no ka hoʻololi ʻana i ko lākou wikiwiki, pono e hoʻopili kēia mau mea lawe i kēia manawa (e like me nā electrons) i ka ikaika i kekahi i kekahi e wikiwiki a hoʻemi paha.ʻO kēia kū'ēʻana i ka hoʻololi e hana i ka manaʻo o ka neʻe.Ma lalo o ke alakaʻi ʻana o Kaustav Banerjee's Nanoelectronics Research Laboratory, ua hoʻomohala ʻia kahi inductor ikaika e hoʻohana ana i ka ʻenehana graphene: ka mea me ka kiʻekiʻe o ka inductance kiʻekiʻe loa.
5.) E hoʻokomo i ka graphene i loko o kekahi mea hana.I kēia manawa, e nānā kāua.Loaʻa iā mākou ka graphene.Loaʻa iā mākou nā mana "super" o nā resistors, capacitors a me nā inductors-miniaturized, rugged, hilinaʻi a maikaʻi.Ma ka liʻiliʻi loa ma ke kumumanaʻo, ʻo ka mea keakea hope loa i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka uila ultra-miniaturization ʻo ia ka hiki ke hoʻohuli i kahi mea hana i hana ʻia i kekahi mea i mea uila.No ka hana ʻana i kēia, pono mākou e hoʻokomo i nā mea uila e pili ana i ka graphene i loko o kēlā me kēia ʻano mea a mākou e makemake ai, me nā mea maʻalahi.ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka graphene e hāʻawi i ka fluidity maikaʻi, ka maʻalahi, ka ikaika a me ka conductivity ʻoiai ʻaʻole pōʻino i ke kino o ke kanaka he koho kūpono no kēia kumu.
I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hana ʻia nā mea hana graphene a me ka graphene ma o kekahi mau kaʻina hana i loaʻa nā palena nui.Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻokahe i ka graphite kahiko maʻamau, a laila e hoʻoheheʻe iā ia i ka wai, a laila hana i ka graphene ma ka waiho ʻana o ka mahu.Eia nō naʻe, hiki i kekahi mau substrate ke waiho i ka graphene ma kēia ala.Hiki iā ʻoe ke hōʻemi i ka graphene oxide, akā inā hana ʻoe, e hoʻopau ʻoe i ka graphene maikaʻi ʻole.Hiki iā ʻoe ke hana i ka graphene ma ka ʻili mīkini, akā ʻaʻole kēia e ʻae iā ʻoe e kāohi i ka nui a i ʻole ka mānoanoa o ka graphene i hana ʻia.
ʻO kēia kahi e waiho ai ka holomua o ka laser engraving graphene.ʻElua ala nui e hoʻokō ai i kēia.ʻO kekahi e hoʻomaka me ka graphene oxide.E like me ka mea ma mua: e hoʻoneʻe ʻoe i ka graphite, akā ma kahi o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana iā ia me ka kemika, e hoʻemi ʻoe me ka laser.ʻAʻole like me ka graphene oxide i hoʻemi kemika, hana kēia i kahi huahana kiʻekiʻe e hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i nā supercapacitors, nā uila uila, a me nā kāleka hoʻomanaʻo, e inoa i kekahi.
Hiki nō hoʻi iā ʻoe ke hoʻohana i ka polyimide—he plastic wela kiʻekiʻe—a hoʻohana i ka laser e hoʻohālike pololei i ka graphene ma luna.Hoʻopau ka laser i nā paʻa kemika i loko o ka pūnaewele polyimide, a hui hou nā ʻātoma kalapona iā lākou iho ma o ka wela e hana i kahi pepa graphene lahilahi a kiʻekiʻe.Ua hōʻike ʻo Polyimide i ka nui o nā noi kūpono, no ka mea inā hiki iā ʻoe ke kahakaha i nā kaapuni graphene ma luna o ia mea, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻololi i kekahi ʻano o ka polyimide i mea uila hiki ke hoʻohana.ʻO kēia mau mea, e inoa i kekahi mau mea, e komo pū me:
Akā ʻo ka mea hoihoi loa - e noʻonoʻo ana i ka puka ʻana a me ka piʻi ʻana o ka graphene i kālai ʻia i ka laser a me ka nui o nā mea hou i ʻike ʻia - aia ma ka lewa i hiki i kēia manawa.Me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka graphene i kālai ʻia i ka laser, hiki iā ʻoe ke hōʻiliʻili a mālama i ka ikehu: kahi mea hoʻokele ikehu.ʻO kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona haʻalulu loa o ka hiki ʻole o ka ʻenehana i ka holomua ʻana ʻo ia nā pihi.I kēia lā, ʻaneʻane mākou e hoʻohana i nā pākahi kemika cell maloʻo e mālama i ka ikehu uila, ʻo ia ka ʻenehana nona ka mōʻaukala o nā haneli mau makahiki.Ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā prototypes o nā mea mālama mālama hou, e like me nā pihi zinc-air a me nā capacitors electrochemical maʻalahi.
Ke hoʻohana nei i ka graphene i kālai ʻia i ka laser, ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke hoʻololi wale i ke ʻano o ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu, akā hana pū kekahi i kahi mea hiki ke hoʻololi i ka ikehu mechanical i ka ikehu uila: kahi nanogenerator friction.Hiki iā mākou ke hana i nā lako photovoltaic maikaʻi loa, hiki ke hoʻololi loa i ka ikehu lā.Hiki iā mākou ke hana i nā pūnaewele biofuel maʻalahi;nui nā mea hiki.Ma ke ʻano o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu, ua kokoke ke kipi i ka wā pōkole.
Eia kekahi, ʻo ka graphene i kahakaha ʻia e ka laser e hoʻokomo i kahi au sensor i ʻike ʻole ʻia.Hoʻopili kēia i nā mea ʻike kino, no ka mea, hiki i nā hoʻololi kino, e like me ka wela a i ʻole ke kaumaha, hiki ke alakaʻi i nā loli i nā hiʻohiʻona uila, e like me ke kūpaʻa a me ka impedance (me ka hāʻawi ʻana o ka capacitance a me ka inductance).Loaʻa pū kekahi i nā mea e ʻike i nā loli i nā ʻano kinoea a me ka haʻahaʻa, a-ke hoʻohana ʻia i ke kino kanaka-nā hoʻololi kino i nā hōʻailona koʻikoʻi o kekahi.No ka laʻana, ʻo "Star Trek" i hoʻoikaika i ka manaʻo o kahi mea triaxial, ʻoiai ke kau ʻia nei kahi papa kiaʻi ʻana i nā hōʻailona koʻikoʻi, e hoʻomanaʻo koke ia iā mākou i nā loli hopohopo i ke kino, e lilo koke ana.
Hiki i kēia manaʻo ke wehe i kahi kahua hou holoʻokoʻa: biosensors e pili ana i ka ʻenehana laser engraving graphene.Hiki i ka puʻu hana i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka graphene i kālai ʻia i ka laser ke kōkua i ka nānā ʻana i nā haʻalulu o ka ʻāʻī a ʻike i nā ʻokoʻa hōʻailona ma waena o ka ʻuʻu ʻana, ka haʻi ʻana, ka ʻuā ʻana, ka ʻai ʻana a me nā neʻe ʻana.Inā makemake ʻoe e hana i kahi bioreceptor artificial e hiki ke hoʻopaʻa i nā moleke kikoʻī, hoʻolālā i nā biosensors hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia, a kōkua pū i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā noi telemedicine, hiki i ka graphene i kahakaha ʻia ka laser.
ʻAʻole a hiki i ka makahiki 2004 i hoʻomohala ʻia ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana i nā pepa graphene ma ka liʻiliʻi loa no ka manawa mua.I loko o nā makahiki he 17 e hiki mai ana, ua hoʻololi hou ʻia ke ʻano o ka holomua like ʻana i ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ke kanaka me nā mea uila ma mua.Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻano hana mua a pau o ka hana ʻana a me ka hana ʻana i nā mea hana graphene, hiki i ka graphene i kālai ʻia i ka laser ke maʻalahi, hana nui ʻia, kiʻekiʻe, a me ke kumu kūʻai graphene ma nā noi like ʻole me ka uila uila.hoololi.
I ka wā e hiki mai ana, ʻaʻole kūpono ke manaʻo i ka holomua o ka ʻoihana ikehu, me ka hoʻomalu ʻana i ka ikehu, ka ʻohi ikehu, a me ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu.I ka wā e hiki mai ana, aia kekahi mau holomua i nā mea ʻike, me nā mea ʻike kino, nā mea ʻike kinoea, a me nā biosensors.Hiki mai ka hoʻololi nui loa mai nā mea hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia, me nā mea i hoʻohana ʻia e ʻike i nā noi telemedicine.ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, he nui nā pilikia a me nā pilikia.Akā ʻo kēia mau pilikia e koi i ka hoʻonui ʻana ma mua o ka hoʻomaikaʻi hou ʻana.Me ka hoʻomau mau ʻana o nā mea pili a me ka Pūnaewele o nā Mea, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka noi no nā huahana uila ultra-liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka wā.Me nā mea hou loa i ka ʻenehana graphene, ma nā ʻano he nui, ua hiki mai ka wā e hiki mai ana.
ʻO kahi ʻano hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai hou e hiki ke hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka wai kahawai me ka maʻalahi a me ka wikiwiki e kōkua i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka pilikia o ka nele o ka wai inu honua.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Feb-11-2020